Legal frameworks

These resources provide further information about the legal frameworks that govern research in the UK and other jurisdictions.

General resources

MHRA algorithm

Different legal frameworks apply to different types of research involving adults lacking capacity. This MHRA algorithm can be used to clarify if a study is a clinical trial or not

HRA website

Different legislation applies across the UK. The HRA website has an interactive map of the UK to check which applies, and NHS Scotland hosts a 'Carrying Out Research Across Borders' toolkit

Summary of legislation

This table summarises some of the differences between legislation governing research with adults lacking capacity across the UK, including the different terminology

Clinical trials of medicines (CTIMPs)

Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) (Amendment) Regulations 2025
The Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) (Amendment) Regulations 2025 came into force on 28 April 2026. Key changes include new/updated definitions, the process for applications and modifications, greater transparency requirements, and the option to use simplified consent arrangements for certain types of trial (including those involving adults lacking capacity to consent). Beyond these changes, the conditions and principles for trials involving adults lacking capacity to consent are found in Schedule 1 Part 5 of the Medicines for Human Use (Clinical Trials) Regulations 2004

Non-CTIMP research studies

Mental Capacity Act
​2005

The Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) provides a comprehensive framework for decision making on behalf of adults aged 16 and over who are unable to make decisions for themselves in England and Wales. Sections 30-34 cover invasive research that is not classed as a clinical trial of an investigational medicinal product (i.e applies to non-CTIMP research studies) 

Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000​

The Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 provides a framework for safeguarding the welfare and managing the finances of adults (aged 16 or over) who lack capacity. Section 51 covers research not classed as a clinical trial of an investigational medicinal product (i.e applies to non-CTIMP research studies) 

Mental Capacity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016

The Mental Capacity Act (Northern Ireland) 2016 legislation governs decisions across health and social care for adults with incapacity in Northern Ireland. Part 8 covers research that is not a clinical trial of an investigational medicinal products​ (i.e applies to non-CTIMPs). It is closely aligned to the MCA in England & Wales, and there is a scheme of mutual recognition of NHS/HSC REC review.

Codes of Practice and Other Policies

Code of practice giving guidance for decisions made under the Mental Capacity Act 2005 in England and Wales. Chapter 11 covers how the Act affects research projects involving a person who lacks capacity (applies to non-CTIMPs).
This policy covers the Health Service Executive (HSE) requirements for obtaining consent for participation in health and social care research from patients, their families, and carers. Section 4 covers capacity to consent in adults (CTIMPs and non-CTIMPs), and 6.9 covers emergency research.
Guidance for health practitioners authorised to carry out medical treatment or research under the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act. Part 4 covers authority for research.